<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[FGA Macro]]></title><description><![CDATA[En qué fase del ciclo de mercado estamos — cada semana, leído en cuatro capas: crédito, sentimiento, liquidez (la Fed) y macro. FGA Research · Est. 2006.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SnMd!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a511a9-1600-48e3-9c73-7477b4baaf5e_800x800.png</url><title>FGA Macro</title><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 11 Jul 2026 17:36:54 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[es]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[fgaresearch@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[fgaresearch@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[fgaresearch@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[fgaresearch@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[La Fed no ha subido los tipos, pero ha avisado de que podría — y qué significa]]></title><description><![CDATA[El mapa de tipos de la Fed, explicado sin tecnicismos &#183; 6 de julio de 2026 &#183; actualizado el 10 de julio con el acta. Lectura del ciclo, no una recomendaci&#243;n.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/la-fed-no-ha-subido-los-tipos-pero</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/la-fed-no-ha-subido-los-tipos-pero</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2026 14:11:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><strong>En una frase.</strong> La Fed no ha tocado los tipos. Pero en el mapa donde cada uno de sus miembros dibuja d&#243;nde ve el precio del dinero, la mayor&#237;a ya se inclina a subir una vez m&#225;s este a&#241;o. No es una orden de comprar ni de vender nada: es una se&#241;al de que el viento monetario sopla un poco m&#225;s en contra. Te lo contamos en un minuto, sin tecnicismos.</p></blockquote><h2>Actualizaci&#243;n &#183; 10 de julio &#8212; el acta, en tres frases</h2><p>La Fed public&#243; el mi&#233;rcoles el <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomcminutes20260617.htm">acta completa de su reuni&#243;n de junio</a> (en ingl&#233;s). Confirma la lectura de esta pieza &#8212; y deja tres matices que importan:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png" width="1266" height="846" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/defd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:846,&quot;width&quot;:1266,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nmei!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd466c-44cf-4f18-9781-17c11d7f0af7_1266x846.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Decisi&#243;n un&#225;nime, mapa dividido y el escenario que vigilan. Ilustraci&#243;n FGA sobre el acta del FOMC (16-17 de junio de 2026).</em></p><ol><li><p>La decisi&#243;n de no tocar los tipos fue <strong>un&#225;nime</strong>. Pero unos pocos miembros ya quer&#237;an subirlos en junio.</p></li><li><p>La mayor&#237;a contempla escenarios donde la inflaci&#243;n sigue alta &#8212;demanda ligada a la IA, el conflicto en Oriente Medio, aranceles&#8212; y <strong>casi todos, en ese caso, ven probable apretar un poco m&#225;s</strong>.</p></li><li><p>Tambi&#233;n los hay que ven el camino contrario: si la inflaci&#243;n cede, habr&#237;a margen para aflojar. Un comit&#233; unido en la decisi&#243;n, dividido en el mapa.</p></li></ol><p>&#191;Cambia esto nuestra lectura? <strong>No.</strong> Es la misma tapa, ahora con la letra peque&#241;a delante: apoya un poco m&#225;s, y explica por qu&#233;. Ninguna capa cambia de color. Debajo, la pieza original: qu&#233; es ese &#171;mapa&#187; de la Fed y por qu&#233; te importa, sin tecnicismos.</p><div><hr></div><p>Empecemos por lo b&#225;sico. La Fed &#8212;el banco central de Estados Unidos&#8212; pone el precio del dinero para toda la econom&#237;a. Cuando sube los tipos, pedir prestado cuesta m&#225;s y la econom&#237;a frena; cuando los baja, respira. La semana pasada <strong>no los movi&#243;</strong>: siguen en el 3,5%&#8211;3,75%.</p><p>Pero cuatro veces al a&#241;o la Fed publica algo m&#225;s revelador que la propia decisi&#243;n: un mapa en el que cada miembro marca d&#243;nde cree que estar&#225;n los tipos dentro de unos meses. Ese mapa es el que acaba de cambiar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png" width="1236" height="855" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:855,&quot;width&quot;:1236,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OlTr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3d1a8d4-b672-4665-b856-739f6f04cbc6_1236x855.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Cada punto es una persona que vota en la Fed. Cuanto m&#225;s arriba, m&#225;s alto ve los tipos a final de a&#241;o. La nube se ha desplazado hacia arriba.</em></p><h2>&#191;Y esto por qu&#233; me importa?</h2><p>Porque no leemos el mercado por titulares, sino por <strong>capas</strong>: cuatro &#171;term&#243;metros&#187; que, juntos, dicen en qu&#233; fase del ciclo estamos. Imagina un muelle comprimido: cuanto m&#225;s cargado, m&#225;s empuje guarda. La pol&#237;tica de la Fed es la &#171;tapa&#187; que lo mantiene apretado. Que la Fed avise de que podr&#237;a subir es esa tapa apoy&#225;ndose un poco m&#225;s. No levanta el muelle; pesa un poco m&#225;s encima.</p><p>As&#237; est&#225;n hoy las cuatro capas:</p><ul><li><p><strong>&#128994; Ciclo</strong> &#8212; sano, sin se&#241;ales de recesi&#243;n a la vista.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#128993; &#193;nimo del inversor</strong> &#8212; el miedo afloja poco a poco; todav&#237;a prudente.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#128993; Dinero / la Fed</strong> &#8212; <strong>lo que cambia esta semana:</strong> la Fed avisa de que podr&#237;a subir.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#128994; Econom&#237;a real</strong> &#8212; el indicador que se adelanta sigue creciendo.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png" width="1236" height="816" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:816,&quot;width&quot;:1236,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AYel!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F136b9b32-89cd-4fda-ae10-1652684472c4_1236x816.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Solo se mueve una capa &#8212;el dinero&#8212;. Las otras tres siguen igual, as&#237; que la foto de conjunto no cambia.</em></p><h2>En 30 segundos</h2><p><strong>El resumen:</strong> la Fed no ha subido los tipos, pero ha dejado escrito que este a&#241;o todav&#237;a podr&#237;a hacerlo. En nuestro marco eso es &#171;la tapa&#187; apretando un poco m&#225;s, no una alarma de ciclo. El muelle sigue cargado; ahora con algo m&#225;s de peso encima.</p><blockquote><p>As&#237; leemos el ciclo cada semana: cuatro capas, en claro y sin tecnicismos. Gratis, en tu correo.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse gratis&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscribirse gratis</span></a></p><h2>Entonces, &#191;es para preocuparse?</h2><p>No. Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la utilidad de mirar por capas: distinguir un titular fuerte &#8212;&#171;la Fed podr&#237;a subir&#187;&#8212; de un cambio de rumbo de verdad. Para que cambie el rumbo tendr&#237;an que moverse dos o m&#225;s capas a la vez. Esta semana solo se ha movido una. Ni euforia (que suele marcar los techos) ni da&#241;o en la econom&#237;a (que marca los giros a la baja). Es un aviso para estar atentos, no una alarma.</p><h3>&#191;Lo lees desde un comit&#233; de inversi&#243;n?</h3><p>FGA Research elabora, bajo demanda y previa cualificaci&#243;n, su <strong>Informe institucional de Macro y Mercados</strong>: el mismo proceso de cuatro capas, con la serie propia completa y la watchlist. Si gestionas capital, mides riesgo o defines estrategia para un comit&#233;, escr&#237;benos indicando <strong>tu rol y tu mandato</strong>. Confirmamos elegibilidad y enviamos el informe completo.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html"><span>Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Informaci&#243;n, no asesoramiento. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p><em>Aviso. Contenido informativo y divulgativo: difusi&#243;n de indicadores macro propios y an&#225;lisis de ciclo, no un servicio regulado de inversi&#243;n. No es asesoramiento ni recomendaci&#243;n &#8212;general o personalizada&#8212; ni se&#241;al de compra/venta. Datos de mercado de fuentes p&#250;blicas; indicadores propios de FGA Research; los resultados pasados &#8212;reales o simulados&#8212; no garantizan resultados futuros; invertir conlleva riesgo, incluida la p&#233;rdida total del capital.</em></p><p><strong>Independence. Capital. Conviction.</strong> &#183; <em>FGA Research &amp; Advisory &#183; Est. 2006 &#183; 33 a&#241;os de estudio</em></p></blockquote>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The spring stays compressed — and the fear starts to ease]]></title><description><![CDATA[The weekly four-layer read of the cycle &#183; 29 Jun &#8211; 5 Jul 2026. Cycle signals, not recommendations.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/the-spring-stays-compressed-and-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/the-spring-stays-compressed-and-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2026 09:39:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><strong>This week's verdict.</strong> The regime is still <strong>Compressed Spring</strong> &#8212; unchanged. The news is inside the layers: the crowd's fear, which had been loading the spring, is starting to ease. No euphoria (which would mark a top), no macro damage (which would mark a turn).</p></blockquote><p>The S&amp;P 500 closed the week near highs again, brushing <strong>7,480</strong> (about <strong>+19% over twelve months</strong>). Once again, price isn't the story. The story is in <strong>Layer 2</strong>: the fear we've been flagging for weeks has begun to ease. Our sentiment gauge is coming off its cycle lows. Careful, though &#8212; this isn't optimism arriving; caution still rules &#8212; but the spring that had been pinned to the floor for weeks is starting to release.</p><p>And last week's other spring still holds: in <strong>Layer 4</strong>, the leading indicator stays above its neutral level. It's no longer turning; it's expanding.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png" width="1239" height="1059" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1059,&quot;width&quot;:1239,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:134190,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D4uO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4095194-f657-4d90-9541-3c4b4a1e88e1_1239x1059.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Regime: Compressed Spring. The cycle holds, the leading indicator confirms the expansion; fear starts to ease and monetary policy is still the lid.</em></p><div><hr></div><h2>In 30 seconds</h2><p><strong>Regime: Compressed Spring</strong> &#8212; unchanged (it only changes if two or more layers turn).</p><ul><li><p><strong>Layer 1 &#183; Cycle &#8212; &#128994;</strong> out of the alert zone; no structural damage.</p></li><li><p><strong>Layer 2 &#183; Crowd &#8212; &#128993;</strong> this week's change: fear starts to ease, still short of optimism.</p></li><li><p><strong>Layer 3 &#183; Liquidity &#8212; &#128993;</strong> monetary policy is still the lid; no Fed meeting this week.</p></li><li><p><strong>Layer 4 &#183; Real macro &#8212; &#128994;</strong> the leading indicator holds in expansion, above neutral.</p><p><strong>The so-what:</strong> only one layer moves &#8212; fear eases &#8212; so the regime doesn't change. The spring stays loaded, but with one contrarian support less. No euphoria (which would mark a top), no macro damage (which would mark a turn).</p><blockquote><p>This is how we read the cycle every week: four layers, made clear. Get it free in your inbox.</p></blockquote><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>This week's composite</h2><p><em>(The four-layer composite and the scenario map with probabilities are in the report gallery, at the foot of this edition.)</em></p><p><strong>Regime in force: Compressed Spring.</strong> The regime only changes when two or more layers turn, and this week only one moves &#8212; sentiment. So the name doesn't change. What changes is the internal tension: one of the springs loading the move higher &#8212; the crowd's fear &#8212; is starting to ease.</p><div><hr></div><h2>The four layers, in detail</h2><p><strong>Layer 1 &#183; Cycle &#8212; &#128994; Green.</strong> The Warning Signal remains clearly out of the alert zone. Worth remembering where the real danger sits: the crisis lows were &#8722;2.9 (2008) and &#8722;2.8 (2020), and we're nowhere near them. It's easing slowly from the January peak, yes, but that's losing a little momentum, not breaking. As long as this layer stays green, this is a <em>reset</em> with the spring loaded, not a turn lower.</p><p><strong>Layer 2 &#183; Crowd &#8212; &#128993; Amber, and here's the news.</strong> For two editions we've told the "wall of worry": price at highs, a frightened crowd. Last week the first crack appeared &#8212; the professionals (very bullish advisors, active managers almost fully invested) had already gone long while retail stayed out. This week that crack widens and sentiment leaves its cycle lows. Now, careful with the word. Fear <em>eases</em>; it hasn't given way to optimism. We're still in caution, far from the complacency that builds tops. And the honest read is a touch uncomfortable: one of the contrarian supports loading the spring has been trimmed. Less fear, less cushion. It's not a top signal &#8212; it's the signal to start watching the other extreme.</p><p><strong>Layer 3 &#183; Liquidity &#8212; &#128993; Amber, drifting lower.</strong> Here Layer 3 measures one specific thing: the monetary policy of central banks, above all the Fed. Not market conditions, but whether money blows with you or against you. And for now it blows against, gently. Warsh's Fed keeps the June bias, and there was no meeting this week, so no news. It's not restrictive yet; it's <em>less accommodative</em>. It's the lid that keeps the spring compressed. What we watch isn't what the Fed has already done, but what the curve starts to price: that forward-looking clock moves first.</p><p><strong>Layer 4 &#183; Real macro &#8212; &#128994; Green, rising.</strong> No surprises, and that's good. The leading gauge bottomed in mid-2025 and crossed its neutral level this spring; it's still above, in expansion. The coincident still lags, a little soft. Leading ahead and coincident lagging is the signature of an early expansion, not of a cycle running out. Recessions are announced the other way round: when the leading gauge collapses with the lagging stretched. That's absent today.</p><div><hr></div><h2>The verdict</h2><p><strong>Regime: Compressed Spring &#8212; with the fear spring easing.</strong> The pieces still fit. The cycle isn't broken, the leading indicator is expanding, monetary policy presses from above. The only thing moving this week is the crowd. Nothing more &#8212; but not nothing. That fear, which for weeks worked in our favour in contrarian terms, is starting to give &#8212; without yet making the jump to open optimism. The spring keeps pushing and has rope left: no euphoria (which would mark a top), no macro damage (which would mark a turn). As long as Layer 1 stays green, this is still a loaded <em>reset</em>.</p><h3>Scenario map (model probabilities)</h3><p><em>(The four-layer composite and the scenario map with probabilities are in the report gallery, at the foot of this edition.)</em></p><blockquote><p>This is a regime read and its probabilities, <strong>not</strong> a recommendation or a price target.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Analogues &amp; Bubble Watch</h2><p>The pattern "intact cycle + tightening central bank + leading gauge in expansion + fear starting to ease" has useful precedents in <strong>1994&#8211;95</strong> (the Fed hikes, the market digests it without a recession) and <strong>1998</strong> (a sharp scare inside a live cycle, distinct from 1999, already late). <em>Illustrative analogues; every cycle is different.</em></p><p>In the <strong>Bubble Watch</strong>, valuation still ticks &#10003; &#8212;the CAPE at a historic extreme&#8212; and index concentration; they do <strong>not</strong> tick cycle, credit or the curve. Fuel yes, spark no. What's changed versus a month ago? With fear easing, that contrarian support weighs less. And that forces us to look at the other end of the board &#8212;complacency&#8212;, which until now we weren't even touching.</p><div><hr></div><h2>What we're watching this week</h2><ol><li><p><strong>Warning Signal (Layer 1):</strong> if it speeds its fall toward zero, that would be the first real warning of a phase change (&#8594; First Leg Down).</p></li><li><p><strong>Sentiment (Layer 2):</strong> now that fear is starting to ease, the question switches sides. Does it settle into caution, or accelerate toward the optimism and euphoria that build tops? That's what's new.</p></li><li><p><strong>Coincident (Layer 4):</strong> if it starts to rise, confirming the leading gauge, it validates the early expansion &#8212; the piece that matters most to us.</p></li><li><p><strong>The yield curve (Layer 3, forward-looking):</strong> the first hint that the Fed will loosen the lid shows up in the curve before it shows up in rates.</p></li></ol><p><strong>We flag the day the regime changes</strong> &#8212; that's the moment of maximum value.</p><div><hr></div><h3>The proof, in the open</h3><p>The methodology and the 33-year backtest are published and verifiable:
<strong><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidence-the-proof-is-open">Evidence &#8212; the proof is open &#8594;</a></strong></p><p>How is this read built, layer by layer? It's in the <strong><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/edition-zero-the-market-cycle-in-four">Edition Zero &#8594;</a></strong>; and last week, in <strong><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/the-leading-indicator-confirms-the">The leading indicator confirms the turn &#8594;</a></strong>.</p><p>And this week, our read of the <strong>BIS</strong> report on extreme valuation: <strong><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/ai-bubble-what-the-bis-warns-and-how">AI bubble? What the BIS warns &#8594;</a></strong>.</p><div><hr></div><p>You don't need to predict the top. You need to know which phase of the cycle you're in &#8212; and to be flagged the day it changes. It works for a portfolio and it works for a business: the cycle regime is the same backdrop when you decide <strong>when to invest, expand, hire, take on inventory or finance</strong>.</p><blockquote><p>Subscribe free and get the cycle read every Sunday, before the open. Early subscribers get founder terms.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>Reading this from an investment committee?</h3><p>FGA Research distributes, on demand and subject to prior qualification, its <strong>Institutional Macro &amp; Markets Report</strong>: the same four-layer process, with the full proprietary series and watchlist. If you run capital, manage risk or build strategy for a committee, write to us stating <strong>your role and mandate</strong>. We confirm eligibility and send the full report within 24h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Request the institutional report &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en"><span>Request the institutional report &#8594;</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Information, not advice. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>About the author.</strong> <em>Francisco Salvador, founder of FGA Research. The four-layer process has served the institutional sector for years; here we open it to the non-institutional reader &#8212;investors and business owners who decide with the cycle in front of them. I comment on the cycle every week on LinkedIn &#8594;</em> <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216">Francisco Salvador on LinkedIn</a></strong></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Notice. Informational and educational content: dissemination of proprietary macro indicators and cycle analysis, not a regulated investment service. It is not advice or a recommendation &#8212;general or personalised&#8212; nor buy/sell signals. Market data from public sources; proprietary indicators of FGA Research; past results &#8212;real or simulated&#8212; do not guarantee future results; investing carries risk, including total loss of capital.</em></p><p><strong>Independence. Capital. Conviction.</strong> &#183; <em>FGA Research &amp; Advisory &#183; Est. 2006 &#183; 33 years of study</em></p></blockquote></li></ul><div><hr></div><h3>&#128196; The full weekly report &#8212; page by page</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139877,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P_aB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F411538ed-7a35-4497-a33f-cec826a0e818_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:297583,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4t3j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01f2cbef-bc05-4461-a659-7f7214282063_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:320849,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VHj-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd8cf4fb-cb8f-4572-be5b-5cfcacc02fd1_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172414,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HpnX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f6b40d6-a701-4465-b578-6e4d2cf3e2ce_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:283432,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8hjp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4358204-59ef-4f69-8d54-b16746be10df_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:243688,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HroU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0918b0ab-98fe-4b78-b4a6-374c7de8df18_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:254798,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kHFi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8da71d2-ea24-4f33-b212-e5f6ba76c3db_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:258700,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BSSJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffff85b58-75af-4fd4-a9e0-0c21d06f6e22_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:252095,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-zPq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d527b44-8db9-4630-9fa5-ed5c7032e870_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:146028,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwa9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf7a4c05-f790-4c33-99b9-4aa332c7ec5f_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:292229,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjXH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2d4b81-4fd4-42f8-8d5b-60077525d7c1_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:200618,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l_NY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ea5980f-d697-41a6-b237-610da8f95ef9_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El muelle sigue comprimido — y el miedo empieza a ceder]]></title><description><![CDATA[La lectura semanal del ciclo en cuatro capas &#183; 29 jun &#8211; 5 jul 2026. Se&#241;ales del ciclo, no recomendaciones.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/el-muelle-sigue-comprimido-y-el-miedo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/el-muelle-sigue-comprimido-y-el-miedo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 23:55:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><strong>Veredicto de la semana.</strong> El r&#233;gimen sigue siendo <strong>Muelle Comprimido</strong> &#8212; sin cambio. La novedad est&#225; dentro de las capas: el miedo de la multitud, que ven&#237;a cargando el muelle, empieza a aflojar. Ni euforia (que marcar&#237;a techo) ni da&#241;o macro (que marcar&#237;a giro).</p></blockquote><p>El S&amp;P 500 cerr&#243; la semana otra vez cerca de m&#225;ximos, rozando los <strong>7.480</strong> (un <strong>+19% en doce meses</strong>). Y otra vez el precio no es la noticia. La noticia est&#225; en la <strong>Capa 2</strong>: ese miedo que llevamos semanas se&#241;alando ha empezado a aflojar. El sentimiento sale de los m&#237;nimos del ciclo. Ojo, no es que haya llegado el optimismo &#8212;sigue mandando la cautela&#8212;, pero el resorte que llevaba semanas clavado en el suelo empieza a soltar.</p><p>Y sigue en pie lo de la semana pasada, que era el otro resorte: en la <strong>Capa 4</strong>, el adelantado se mantiene por encima de su nivel neutral. Ya no gira; est&#225; en expansi&#243;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png" width="1239" height="1059" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1059,&quot;width&quot;:1239,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:136830,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.substack.com/i/205423377?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F-A6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560884f3-db37-4e82-b42a-ccceaa1fdd20_1239x1059.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>R&#233;gimen: Muelle Comprimido. El ciclo aguanta, el adelantado confirma la expansi&#243;n; el miedo empieza a ceder y la pol&#237;tica monetaria sigue siendo la tapa.</em></p><div><hr></div><h2></h2><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;9b742a98-b2e8-4dff-ad55-afa1c389b3ee&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><h2>En 30 segundos</h2><p><strong>R&#233;gimen: Muelle Comprimido</strong> &#8212; sin cambio (solo cambia si giran dos o m&#225;s capas).</p><ul><li><p><strong>Capa 1 &#183; Ciclo &#8212; &#128994;</strong> fuera de la zona de alerta; sin da&#241;o estructural.</p></li><li><p><strong>Capa 2 &#183; Multitud &#8212; &#128993;</strong> el cambio de la semana: el miedo empieza a aflojar, a&#250;n sin cruzar a optimismo.</p></li><li><p><strong>Capa 3 &#183; Liquidez &#8212; &#128993;</strong> la pol&#237;tica monetaria sigue siendo la tapa; sin reuni&#243;n de la Fed esta semana.</p></li><li><p><strong>Capa 4 &#183; Macro propia &#8212; &#128994;</strong> el adelantado se mantiene en expansi&#243;n, por encima de neutral.</p><p><strong>El so-what:</strong> solo se mueve una capa &#8212;el miedo cede&#8212;, as&#237; que el r&#233;gimen no cambia. El muelle sigue cargado, pero con un apoyo contrario menos. Ni euforia (que marcar&#237;a techo) ni da&#241;o macro (que marcar&#237;a giro).</p><blockquote><p>As&#237; leemos el ciclo cada semana: cuatro capas, en claro. Rec&#237;belo gratis en tu bandeja.</p></blockquote><p></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>El composite de la semana</h2><p><em>(El composite de las 4 capas y el mapa de escenarios con probabilidades est&#225;n en la galer&#237;a del informe, al pie de esta edici&#243;n.)</em></p><p><strong>R&#233;gimen vigente: Muelle Comprimido.</strong> El r&#233;gimen solo cambia cuando giran dos o m&#225;s capas, y esta semana solo se mueve una &#8212; el sentimiento. As&#237; que el nombre no cambia. Lo que cambia es la tensi&#243;n interna: uno de los resortes que cargaba el muelle al alza, el miedo de la multitud, empieza a aflojar.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Las cuatro capas, en detalle</h2><p><strong>Capa 1 &#183; Ciclo &#8212; &#128994; Verde.</strong> El Warning Signal sigue claramente fuera de la zona de alerta. Conviene recordar d&#243;nde est&#225; el peligro de verdad: los m&#237;nimos de crisis estuvieron en &#8722;2,9 (2008) y &#8722;2,8 (2020), y de ah&#237; no andamos ni cerca. Cede despacio desde el pico de enero, s&#237;, pero eso es perder algo de impulso, no romperse. Mientras esta capa siga verde, esto es un <em>reset</em> con el muelle cargado, no un giro a la baja.</p><p><strong>Capa 2 &#183; Multitud &#8212; &#128993; &#193;mbar, y aqu&#237; est&#225; la novedad.</strong> Llevamos dos ediciones con el mismo cuadro: precio en m&#225;ximos, multitud asustada, "muro de preocupaci&#243;n". La semana pasada apareci&#243; la primera grieta &#8212; los profesionales (asesores muy alcistas, gestores casi del todo dentro) ya se hab&#237;an puesto largos mientras el minorista segu&#237;a fuera. Esta semana esa grieta se ensancha y el sentimiento abandona los m&#237;nimos del ciclo.</p><p>Ahora bien, cuidado con la palabra que usamos. El miedo <em>afloja</em>; no ha dado paso a optimismo. Seguimos en cautela, lejos de la complacencia con la que se fabrican los techos. Y la lectura honesta incomoda un poco: se ha rebajado uno de los apoyos contrarios que cargaban el muelle. Menos miedo, menos coj&#237;n. No es se&#241;al de techo &#8212; es la se&#241;al para empezar a mirar el otro extremo.</p><p><strong>Capa 3 &#183; Liquidez &#8212; &#128993; &#193;mbar, a la baja.</strong> Aqu&#237; la Capa 3 mide una cosa concreta: la pol&#237;tica monetaria de los bancos centrales, sobre todo la Fed. No las condiciones del mercado, sino si el dinero sopla a favor o en contra. Y de momento sopla en contra, suave. La Fed de Warsh mantiene el sesgo de junio, y esta semana no hubo reuni&#243;n, as&#237; que no hay novedad. No es restrictivo a&#250;n; es <em>menos acomodaticio</em>. Es la tapa que mantiene el muelle comprimido. El detalle que vigilamos no es lo que la Fed ya ha hecho, sino lo que la curva empieza a descontar: ese reloj anticipado es el que se mueve primero.</p><p><strong>Capa 4 &#183; Macro propietaria &#8212; &#128994; Verde, al alza.</strong> Sin sobresaltos, y eso es bueno. El adelantado hizo suelo a mediados de 2025 y cruz&#243; su nivel neutral esta primavera; sigue por encima, en expansi&#243;n. El coincidente a&#250;n va por detr&#225;s, algo blando. Adelantado en cabeza y coincidente rezagado es la firma de una expansi&#243;n temprana, no de un ciclo que se agota. Las recesiones se anuncian al rev&#233;s: cuando el adelantado se desploma con el retardado estirado. Eso hoy no est&#225;.</p><div><hr></div><h2>El veredicto</h2><p><strong>R&#233;gimen: Muelle Comprimido &#8212; con el resorte del miedo aflojando.</strong> Las piezas siguen encajando. El ciclo no est&#225; roto, el adelantado est&#225; en expansi&#243;n, la pol&#237;tica monetaria aprieta desde arriba. Lo &#250;nico que se mueve esta semana es la multitud. Nada m&#225;s &#8212; pero no es poco. Ese miedo que durante semanas jugaba a favor en clave contraria empieza a ceder, sin dar todav&#237;a el salto al optimismo abierto. El muelle sigue empujando y le queda cuerda: ni euforia (que marcar&#237;a techo) ni da&#241;o macro (que marcar&#237;a giro). Mientras la Capa 1 siga verde, esto sigue siendo un <em>reset</em> cargado.</p><h3>Mapa de escenarios (probabilidades del modelo)</h3><p><em>(El composite de las 4 capas y el mapa de escenarios con probabilidades est&#225;n en la galer&#237;a del informe, al pie de esta edici&#243;n.)</em></p><blockquote><p>Es una lectura de r&#233;gimen y sus probabilidades, <strong>no</strong> una recomendaci&#243;n ni un objetivo de precio.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>An&#225;logos y Bubble Watch</h2><p>El patr&#243;n "ciclo intacto + banco central endureciendo + adelantado en expansi&#243;n + miedo que empieza a ceder" tiene precedentes &#250;tiles en <strong>1994&#8211;95</strong> (la Fed sube, el mercado lo digiere sin recesi&#243;n) y <strong>1998</strong> (susto agudo dentro de un ciclo vivo, distinto de 1999, ya tard&#237;o). <em>An&#225;logos ilustrativos; cada ciclo es distinto.</em></p><p>En el <strong>Bubble Watch</strong> siguen marcando &#10003; la valoraci&#243;n &#8212;el CAPE en extremo hist&#243;rico&#8212; y la concentraci&#243;n del &#237;ndice; <strong>no</strong> marcan ciclo, cr&#233;dito ni curva. Combustible s&#237;, cerilla no. &#191;Qu&#233; ha cambiado respecto a hace un mes? Que con el miedo aflojando ese apoyo contrario pesa menos. Y eso nos obliga a mirar al otro extremo del tablero &#8212;la complacencia&#8212;, que hasta ahora ni toc&#225;bamos.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Qu&#233; vigilamos esta semana</h2><ol><li><p><strong>Warning Signal (Capa 1):</strong> si acelera su ca&#237;da hacia cero, ser&#237;a el primer aviso real de cambio de fase (&#8594; Primera Pata).</p></li><li><p><strong>Sentimiento (Capa 2):</strong> ahora que el miedo empieza a aflojar, la pregunta cambia de bando. &#191;Se estabiliza en cautela, o se acelera hacia el optimismo y la euforia que forman techos? Es lo nuevo.</p></li><li><p><strong>Coincidente (Capa 4):</strong> si empieza a subir confirmando al adelantado, valida la expansi&#243;n temprana &#8212; la pieza que m&#225;s nos importa.</p></li><li><p><strong>La curva de tipos (Capa 3 anticipada):</strong> el primer indicio de que la Fed va a aflojar la tapa se ve en la curva antes que en los tipos.</p></li></ol><p><strong>Te avisamos el d&#237;a que el r&#233;gimen cambie</strong> &#8212; ese es el momento de m&#225;ximo valor.</p><div><hr></div><h3>La prueba, en abierto</h3><p>La metodolog&#237;a y el backtest de 33 a&#241;os est&#225;n publicados y son verificables:
<strong><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidencia-la-prueba-esta-en-abierto">Evidencia &#8212; la prueba est&#225; en abierto &#8594;</a></strong></p><p>&#191;C&#243;mo se construye esta lectura, capa a capa? Est&#225; en la <strong><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/el-muelle-sigue-comprimido-que-dice">Edici&#243;n Cero &#8594;</a></strong>; y la semana pasada, en <strong><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/el-adelantado-confirma-el-muelle">El adelantado confirma; el muelle sigue comprimido &#8594;</a></strong>.</p><p>Y esta semana, nuestra lectura del informe del <strong>BIS</strong> sobre la valoraci&#243;n extrema: <strong><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/burbuja-de-ia-lo-que-advierte-el">&#191;Burbuja de IA? Lo que advierte el BIS &#8594;</a></strong>.</p><div><hr></div><p>No necesitas predecir el techo. Necesitas saber en qu&#233; fase del ciclo est&#225;s &#8212; y que te avisen el d&#237;a que cambia. Vale para una cartera y vale para una empresa: el r&#233;gimen del ciclo es el mismo tel&#243;n de fondo cuando decides <strong>cu&#225;ndo invertir, expandir, contratar, asumir inventario o financiarte</strong>.</p><div><hr></div><h3>&#191;Lee esto desde un comit&#233; de inversi&#243;n?</h3><p>FGA Research distribuye, bajo demanda y con cualificaci&#243;n previa, su <strong>Informe institucional de Macro y Mercados</strong>: el mismo proceso de cuatro capas, con las series propietarias y la lista de vigilancia completas. Si dirige capital, gestiona riesgo o construye estrategia para un comit&#233;, escr&#237;banos indicando <strong>rol y mandato</strong>. Confirmamos elegibilidad y enviamos el informe completo en 24 h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html"><span>Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Informaci&#243;n, no asesoramiento. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p>As&#237; leemos el ciclo cada semana: cuatro capas, en claro. Rec&#237;belo gratis en tu bandeja.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/22df60e5-ab1e-46a7-ad46-e22ca1536883_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2db3d979-7fe2-465c-b77b-70da924bb8bd_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/449a6bf6-915d-4a64-b864-d3cfb611a9ac_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47fdf551-47bb-43ae-be4b-3d3a6df767ea_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c772b088-af0e-4a5e-8c59-9ea87d6a04bc_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a5de3bd9-5e3a-4fef-9c34-324bc882e33e_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/667c1a72-4b42-4b6b-bc97-b5ce323057c2_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec76f580-cb72-4c00-a3cb-fe569e881158_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e927d9b0-312c-4e35-86a5-e1c321d45832_1241x1754.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/488720c3-7fee-4abe-9948-c73a2fa628a1_1456x1454.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2bdb6aa3-81ca-4704-b7fa-38bb1b22d551_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7e1bbe7e-086b-4443-a72e-f09375f85588_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bf7a76c7-84cb-4ad4-9799-447954bf611e_1241x1754.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/76a09b74-0786-435e-9ef2-c15557056e1e_1456x474.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sobre el autor.</strong> <em>Francisco Salvador, fundador de FGA Research. El proceso de las 4 capas lleva a&#241;os al servicio del sector institucional; aqu&#237; lo abrimos al lector no institucional &#8212;inversores y empresarios que deciden con el ciclo delante. Comento el ciclo cada semana en LinkedIn &#8594;</em> <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216">Francisco Salvador en LinkedIn</a></strong></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Aviso. Contenido informativo y educativo: difusi&#243;n de indicadores macro propietarios y an&#225;lisis de ciclo, no un servicio de inversi&#243;n regulado. No constituye asesoramiento ni recomendaci&#243;n &#8212;general o personalizada&#8212; ni se&#241;ales de compra/venta. Datos de mercado de fuentes p&#250;blicas; indicadores propietarios de FGA Research; resultados pasados &#8212;reales o simulados&#8212; no garantizan resultados futuros; invertir conlleva riesgo, incluida la p&#233;rdida total del capital.</em></p><p><strong>Independence. Capital. Conviction.</strong> &#183; <em>FGA Research &amp; Advisory &#183; Est. 2006 &#183; 33 a&#241;os de estudio</em></p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[AI bubble? What the BIS warns — and how to read it by layers]]></title><description><![CDATA[The central bank of central banks puts a number on the AI boom. It does not declare a bubble: it warns of a conditional risk. We read it with our cycle model.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/ai-bubble-what-the-bis-warns-and</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/ai-bubble-what-the-bis-warns-and</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 17:11:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>In 30 seconds</h2><ul><li><p><strong>It is not "revolution or bubble": it is both.</strong> Like the railway or the internet, AI is a real transformation and, at once, an episode with a bubble profile.</p></li><li><p><strong>What decides the outcome is productivity, not the technology.</strong> Task-level gains are real (20&#8211;50%); the aggregate kind &#8212;the one that pays for the capex&#8212; is still below 1%.</p></li><li><p><strong>The main risk is not valuations: it is the financing</strong> &#8212;with debt, opaque and circular.</p></li><li><p><strong>The BIS warns, it does not predict.</strong> And our 4-layer model places the regime today in a <em>compressed spring</em>: stored tension under a lid, no damage yet.</p></li></ul><p>This is how we read the cycle every week: four layers, made clear. Get it free in your inbox.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png" width="1517" height="2970" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:2970,&quot;width&quot;:1517,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Graphic interpretation of the BIS report &#8212; FGA Research&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Graphic interpretation of the BIS report &#8212; FGA Research" title="Graphic interpretation of the BIS report &#8212; FGA Research" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KHOC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f20f934-7bfb-4818-9666-9b4e2124cf00_1517x2970.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>The BIS report, in brief</h2><p>On 28 June the BIS &#8212;the central bank of central banks&#8212; published its <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2026e1.htm">Annual Economic Report</a>; the chapter is titled <em>"Progress and peril"</em>. In one line: AI has sustained growth, but its financing is creating risks. What the BIS states, plainly:</p><ul><li><p>The five largest <em>hyperscalers</em> will spend <strong>over a trillion dollars</strong> on AI capex in 2025&#8211;26, beyond their earnings and free cash flow; some are already <strong>issuing debt</strong>.</p></li><li><p><strong>AI-specific</strong> investment is around <strong>1% of GDP</strong>; broad IT investment, about <strong>5%</strong> &#8212;above the dot-com peak of 2000.</p></li><li><p><strong>Task-level</strong> efficiency rises 20&#8211;50%, but <strong>aggregate</strong> productivity is estimated <strong>below 1%</strong> over the long run.</p></li><li><p>The BIS recalls the precedents &#8212;canal (1830s), railway (1840s), electrification (1920s), dot-com (90s)&#8212; and places the current multiple trajectory as <strong>the steepest</strong> of all.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png" width="1612" height="1060" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1060,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_RMP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fceb8274d-4fac-4895-9d29-7b73c5b6e202_1612x1060.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png" width="1612" height="1276" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1276,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m9oX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3f76a5b-1336-41cd-b946-eb21df8eae35_1612x1276.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The BIS&#8217;s own conclusion is nuanced: <strong>it does not declare a bubble; it warns of a risk conditional</strong> on very high expectations being met. So much for the X-ray. From here, our reading.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Our reading: why revolution and bubble coexist</h2><p>The framing error is to pose it as a dilemma: either a revolution or a bubble. Economic history says it is almost always both, in this order.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png" width="1612" height="940" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:940,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zyhh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fc7b2d7-e34b-4685-aff5-0cfae9f9e0ec_1612x940.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Kindleberger and Minsky described the anatomy of every bubble decades ago: a <strong>displacement</strong> (a real novelty) attracts capital; capital leverages up; price decouples from fundamentals; tension builds; and, finally, the reversal. Minsky&#8217;s mechanics are exactly what the BIS describes today: agents move from funding with their own cash to funding with debt.</p><p>Carlota P&#233;rez put it clearly: every technological revolution has an <strong>installation</strong> phase &#8212;when financial capital builds the infrastructure, with frenzy and bubbles&#8212; and a <strong>deployment</strong> phase, when the technology permeates the real economy. Between them there is usually a collapse. The bubble does not contradict the revolution: it is how capital finances, in excess, its own infrastructure.</p><p>The railway is the best mirror. The network was built and transformed the world for decades. And even so, most first-wave investors lost money, because capital was destroyed before returns matured. <strong>Being right about the technology and losing money on this vintage of capital are two different things.</strong></p><h2>The four layers: from an unanswerable question to four with answers</h2><p>Here is our value. The BIS gives the global X-ray once a year. We read the cycle <strong>layer by layer, every week</strong>. And the BIS report, without meaning to, feeds our four layers.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png" width="1620" height="1044" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1044,&quot;width&quot;:1620,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W2jT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dd24a5-131a-40a6-98df-dbee8d78553e_1620x1044.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Layer 1 &#183; Cycle.</strong> Is the system in the alert zone or with room? The BIS describes vulnerabilities present &#8212;circular financing, off-balance-sheet risk&#8212; but <strong>not triggered</strong>. There is latent tension, not damage.</p><p><strong>Layer 2 &#183; Crowd.</strong> Euphoria or fear? Implied valuations are well above their historical benchmarks and risk premia are compressed. But euphoria is not uniform: you can buy the index and fear it at once. That divergence is information, not noise.</p><p><strong>Layer 3 &#183; Liquidity.</strong> Is money easing or tightening? It is the decisive layer. Bubbles burst when credit gets dearer, not when the technology disappoints. The BIS puts it another way: there are <strong>two independent triggers</strong> &#8212;a rate hike to contain inflation, or a disappointment in AI earnings&#8212; and both pass through the same financial channel.</p><p><strong>Layer 4 &#183; Macro.</strong> Is the underlying economy accelerating or softening? Here it connects with productivity: while the aggregate stays below 1%, capex rests on a promise, not a result.</p><p>The four layers turn an unanswerable question &#8212;"is it a bubble?"&#8212; into four questions with an <strong>observable</strong> answer. They do not predict the date. They locate the <strong>regime</strong>.</p><p>And it bears saying without false modesty: our model is not theory. Over the 33-year study, the four big structural declines &#8212;2000, 2008, 2020 and 2022&#8212; were characterised <strong>ahead of time</strong>, and the two corrections that led nowhere &#8212;1998 and Q4 2018&#8212; were <strong>filtered out</strong> without taking anyone out of the market falsely.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png" width="1612" height="724" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:724,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!04CL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b22aa14-50df-4963-93f7-e80db4112a8e_1612x724.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>The real focus of risk: the financing</h2><p>If you remember only one idea from the report, let it be this: <strong>the problem is not valuations, it is the financial plumbing.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png" width="1612" height="988" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:988,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KKHf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcde8fea3-3455-4921-8070-994546d5afee_1612x988.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The BIS documents it. <em>Direct lending</em> funds have <strong>quadrupled</strong> their lending to AI and IT in five years, to about <strong>15% of their portfolios</strong>; the outstanding private credit to AI firms already exceeds <strong>200 billion dollars</strong>. Loans to AI are larger than average, yet with collateral, tenor and spreads <strong>similar</strong> to the rest: either lenders underprice the risk, or the equity market overvalues the cash flows.</p><p>To this add three traits that amplify any shock. <strong>Circular financing</strong>: chip makers take equity stakes in labs that, in turn, commit to buying their compute. <strong>Off-balance-sheet</strong> risk: long-dated, poorly disclosed contracts where the same asset can be pledged several times. And the <strong>wealth effect</strong>: with households more exposed to equities than ever and the US at about 64% of the global index, a US correction does not stay at home.</p><p>The BIS sums it up in a line worth keeping: <em>"leverage does not disappear by being out of sight."</em></p><h2>The decisive variable and the shape of the risk</h2><p>It all reduces to one measurable variable: whether, in the next <strong>12 to 24 months</strong>, aggregate productivity and AI earnings converge toward what the market already discounts, or disappoint.</p><p>What matters is the <strong>shape</strong> of the risk. If AI delivers, the cycle continues in an orderly way. If it disappoints, the adjustment is non-linear: deleveraging feeds on itself. That is why this is a <strong>tail risk</strong>, not the central case. The upside is gradual; the downside, abrupt. That asymmetry is the message.</p><h2>The bull case (because it must be made too)</h2><p>It would be dishonest to close only on the dark side. Unlike the dot-com, here there are real and growing revenues; the big tech firms are profitable and still fund most of it with cash. The cost of compute falls fast, which can validate the capex with less revenue than expected. Lagging productivity is not the same as absent: general-purpose technologies show a delay &#8212;the J-curve&#8212; before the aggregate jump. And the epicentre of fragility is confined to the periphery, not the profitable core.</p><p>The revolution is real. The question is not whether AI changes the world. It is whether this particular vintage of capital recovers what was invested before credit tightens.</p><h2>The panel today</h2><p>Translated into our framework, and publishing only the <strong>state</strong>, not the series: the cycle, out of the alert zone; the crowd, fearful despite indices at highs; liquidity, no longer easing; and our own macro, turning up. The regime that combination describes is what we call a <strong>compressed spring</strong>: energy stored under a lid. It is not the start of a crisis. It is a system under tension, held up by liquidity.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png" width="1485" height="868" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:868,&quot;width&quot;:1485,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YJEJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcfb3758-8db8-4a75-a7b9-556a7bbe61a3_1485x868.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The BIS report does not change the regime. It contextualises it: it tells us <strong>where</strong> the tension to watch sits.</p><h2>Signals to watch</h2><ul><li><p>Credit spreads of AI firms widening while stocks rise &#8212;the equity-debt divergence. <em>(Layers 1 and 3.)</em></p></li><li><p>Redemptions in retail private-credit funds &#8212;early signs already. <em>(Layer 1.)</em></p></li><li><p>A <em>hyperscaler</em> cutting its capex guidance. <em>(Layer 4.)</em></p></li><li><p>Supply bottlenecks &#8212;power, chips, grid&#8212; as an amplifier of overinvestment. <em>(Layers 3 and 4.)</em></p></li></ul><p>None predicts the date. All move the regime. We track them every week.</p><h3>Sources</h3><ul><li><p>BIS, <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2026e1.htm">Annual Economic Report 2026, Ch. I "Progress and peril"</a> (28 Jun 2026): capex &gt;1tn; task-level productivity 20&#8211;50% and aggregate &lt;1% (Graph 10.A); historical parallels (Graph 11.C); circular financing and same asset pledged several times (Graph 13.C); ~15% of direct-lending portfolios (note 2); US &#8776;64% of the MSCI (Graph 12).</p></li><li><p>BIS, <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/bisbull120.pdf">Bulletin 120 "Financing the AI boom"</a> (7 Jan 2026): AI investment &#8776;1% of GDP and broad IT &#8776;5% (Graph 4.A); private credit &gt;200bn and &#8776;8% (Graph 3.A); the leverage quote.</p></li><li><p>FGA Research, working paper (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20709770): 33-year backtest. Results on historical data: they validate the process, not a recommendation.</p></li></ul><p><em>Editorial content by FGA Research. It is not investment advice or a personal recommendation. It is not a recommendation on any financial instrument. References to BIS publications are provided for educational purposes; figures come from the cited sources. Past results &#8212;real or simulated&#8212; do not guarantee future results; investing carries risk, including total loss of capital. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p><strong>Reading this from an investment committee?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distributes its institutional Macro &amp; Markets report on demand and subject to prior qualification: the same four-layer process, with the full proprietary series and watchlist. If you allocate capital, manage risk or set strategy for a committee, write to us stating your role and mandate. We confirm eligibility and send the full report within 24h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Request the institutional report &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en"><span>Request the institutional report &#8594;</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2026e1.htm&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Read the full BIS report &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2026e1.htm"><span>Read the full BIS report &#8594;</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.substack.com&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free &#183; no card&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com"><span>Subscribe free &#183; no card</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¿Burbuja de IA? Lo que advierte el BIS — y cómo se lee por capas]]></title><description><![CDATA[El banco de los bancos centrales pone n&#250;mero al boom de la IA. No declara burbuja: avisa de un riesgo condicionado. Lo leemos con nuestro modelo de ciclo.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/burbuja-de-ia-lo-que-advierte-el</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/burbuja-de-ia-lo-que-advierte-el</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 17:02:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>En 30 segundos</h2><ul><li><p><strong>No es "revoluci&#243;n o burbuja": son las dos cosas.</strong> Como el ferrocarril o internet, la IA es una transformaci&#243;n real y, a la vez, un episodio con perfil de burbuja.</p></li><li><p><strong>Lo que decide el desenlace es la productividad, no la tecnolog&#237;a.</strong> La mejora por tarea es real (20&#8211;50%); la agregada &#8212;la que paga el capex&#8212; sigue por debajo del 1%.</p></li><li><p><strong>El riesgo principal no son las valoraciones: es la financiaci&#243;n</strong> &#8212;con deuda, opaca y circular&#8212;.</p></li><li><p><strong>El BIS advierte, no predice.</strong> Y nuestro modelo de 4 capas sit&#250;a hoy el r&#233;gimen en <em>muelle comprimido</em>: tensi&#243;n acumulada bajo una tapa, sin da&#241;o todav&#237;a.</p></li></ul><p>As&#237; leemos el ciclo cada semana: cuatro capas, en claro. Rec&#237;belo gratis en tu bandeja.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse gratis&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse gratis"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png" width="1517" height="2970" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:2970,&quot;width&quot;:1517,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Interpretaci&#243;n gr&#225;fica del informe del BIS &#8212; FGA Research&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Interpretaci&#243;n gr&#225;fica del informe del BIS &#8212; FGA Research" title="Interpretaci&#243;n gr&#225;fica del informe del BIS &#8212; FGA Research" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rS05!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F718fee51-4bc7-4cff-affc-24f40a5ba0e6_1517x2970.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>El informe del BIS, en breve</h2><p>El 28 de junio el BIS &#8212;el banco central de los bancos centrales&#8212; public&#243; su <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2026e1.htm">Informe Econ&#243;mico Anual</a>; el cap&#237;tulo se titula <em>"Progress and peril"</em>: progreso y peligro. En una frase: la IA ha sostenido el crecimiento, pero su financiaci&#243;n est&#225; creando riesgos. Los datos que el BIS afirma, sin adornos:</p><ul><li><p>Los cinco mayores <em>hyperscalers</em> gastar&#225;n <strong>m&#225;s de un bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares</strong> en capex de IA en 2025&#8211;26, por encima de sus beneficios y su caja libre; por eso algunos ya <strong>emiten deuda</strong>.</p></li><li><p>La inversi&#243;n <strong>espec&#237;fica en IA</strong> ronda el <strong>1% del PIB</strong>; la inversi&#243;n IT en sentido amplio, el <strong>5%</strong> &#8212;por encima del pico del dotcom de 2000&#8212;.</p></li><li><p>La eficiencia <strong>por tarea</strong> sube entre el 20% y el 50%, pero la productividad <strong>agregada</strong> se estima <strong>inferior al 1%</strong> a largo plazo.</p></li><li><p>El BIS recuerda los precedentes &#8212;canal (1830), ferrocarril (1840), electrificaci&#243;n (a&#241;os 20), dotcom (90)&#8212; y sit&#250;a la trayectoria de m&#250;ltiplos del <em>boom</em> actual como <strong>la m&#225;s empinada</strong> de todas.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png" width="1612" height="1060" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1060,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zpls!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F736238ae-da20-4e21-8c7c-4e68a3b799af_1612x1060.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png" width="1612" height="1276" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1276,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OgZ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef115b3-c5c7-4b79-b2da-caf5916d8641_1612x1276.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La conclusi&#243;n del propio BIS es matizada: <strong>no declara una burbuja; advierte de un riesgo condicionado</strong> a que se cumplan expectativas muy altas. Hasta aqu&#237;, la radiograf&#237;a. A partir de aqu&#237;, nuestra lectura.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Nuestra lectura: por qu&#233; revoluci&#243;n y burbuja conviven</h2><p>El error de debate es plantearlo como un dilema: o es una revoluci&#243;n, o es una burbuja. La historia econ&#243;mica dice que casi siempre es las dos cosas, en este orden.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png" width="1612" height="940" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:940,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BeBa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e1aafa-1f99-4652-850b-1eff5c767994_1612x940.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Kindleberger y Minsky describieron hace d&#233;cadas la anatom&#237;a de toda burbuja: un <strong>desplazamiento</strong> (una novedad real) atrae capital; el capital se apalanca; el precio se desancla de los fundamentales; llega la tensi&#243;n; y, por fin, la reversi&#243;n. La mec&#225;nica de Minsky es justo la que el BIS describe hoy: los agentes pasan de financiarse con su propia caja a financiarse con deuda.</p><p>Carlota P&#233;rez lo formul&#243; con claridad: toda revoluci&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica tiene una fase de <strong>instalaci&#243;n</strong> &#8212;cuando el capital financiero construye la infraestructura, con frenes&#237; y burbujas&#8212; y otra de <strong>despliegue</strong>, cuando la tecnolog&#237;a permea la econom&#237;a real. Entre ambas suele haber un colapso. La burbuja no contradice la revoluci&#243;n: es la forma en que el capital financia, en exceso, su propia infraestructura.</p><p>El ferrocarril es el mejor espejo. La red se construy&#243; y transform&#243; el mundo durante d&#233;cadas. Y, aun as&#237;, la mayor&#237;a de los inversores de la primera oleada perdi&#243; dinero, porque el capital se destruy&#243; antes de que los retornos maduraran. <strong>Tener raz&#243;n sobre la tecnolog&#237;a y perder dinero en esta cosecha de capital son dos cosas distintas.</strong></p><h2>Las cuatro capas: de una pregunta sin respuesta a cuatro con respuesta</h2><p>Aqu&#237; est&#225; nuestro valor. El BIS da la radiograf&#237;a global, una vez al a&#241;o. Nosotros leemos el ciclo <strong>capa a capa, cada semana</strong>. Y el informe del BIS, sin propon&#233;rselo, alimenta nuestras cuatro capas.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png" width="1485" height="956" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:956,&quot;width&quot;:1485,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Tk7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bc5931c-05ec-4d51-b947-d0cd8ff922c8_1485x956.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Capa 1 &#183; Ciclo.</strong> &#191;Est&#225; el sistema en zona de alerta o con margen? El BIS describe vulnerabilidades presentes &#8212;financiaci&#243;n circular, riesgo fuera de balance&#8212; pero <strong>no detonadas</strong>. Hay tensi&#243;n latente, no da&#241;o.</p><p><strong>Capa 2 &#183; Multitud.</strong> &#191;Euforia o miedo? Las valoraciones impl&#237;citas est&#225;n muy por encima de sus referentes hist&#243;ricos y las primas de riesgo, comprimidas. Pero la euforia no es uniforme: se puede comprar el &#237;ndice y temer a la vez. Esa divergencia es informaci&#243;n, no ruido.</p><p><strong>Capa 3 &#183; Liquidez.</strong> &#191;El dinero se afloja o se tensa? Es la capa decisiva. Las burbujas pinchan cuando el cr&#233;dito se encarece, no cuando la tecnolog&#237;a decepciona. El BIS lo dice de otra forma: hay <strong>dos gatillos independientes</strong> &#8212;una subida de tipos para contener la inflaci&#243;n, o una decepci&#243;n en los beneficios de la IA&#8212; y ambos pasan por el mismo canal financiero.</p><p><strong>Capa 4 &#183; Macro propia.</strong> &#191;La econom&#237;a subyacente acelera o se ablanda? Aqu&#237; conecta con la productividad: mientras la agregada siga por debajo del 1%, el capex se sostiene sobre una promesa, no sobre un resultado.</p><p>Las cuatro capas convierten una pregunta sin respuesta &#8212;"&#191;es una burbuja?"&#8212; en cuatro preguntas con respuesta <strong>observable</strong>. No predicen la fecha. Sit&#250;an el <strong>r&#233;gimen</strong>.</p><p>Y conviene decirlo sin falsa modestia: nuestro modelo no es teor&#237;a. En el estudio de 33 a&#241;os, las cuatro grandes ca&#237;das estructurales &#8212;2000, 2008, 2020 y 2022&#8212; se caracterizaron <strong>por adelantado</strong>, y las dos correcciones que no llevaban a ning&#250;n sitio &#8212;1998 y el cuarto trimestre de 2018&#8212; se <strong>filtraron</strong> sin sacar a nadie del mercado en falso.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png" width="1612" height="724" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:724,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pm6Z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F453c2546-0218-432c-a70f-1dc87b5a2562_1612x724.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>El verdadero foco de riesgo: la financiaci&#243;n</h2><p>Si solo se recuerda una idea del informe, que sea esta: <strong>el problema no son las valoraciones, es la fontaner&#237;a financiera.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png" width="1612" height="988" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:988,&quot;width&quot;:1612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CxN8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5821a13c-5c57-4450-927e-8b005c617f9d_1612x988.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El BIS lo documenta. Los fondos de <em>direct lending</em> han <strong>cuadruplicado</strong> su pr&#233;stamo a la IA y la tecnolog&#237;a en cinco a&#241;os, hasta cerca del <strong>15% de sus carteras</strong>; el saldo vivo de cr&#233;dito privado a empresas de IA supera ya los <strong>200.000 millones de d&#243;lares</strong>. Los pr&#233;stamos a IA son mayores que la media, pero con garant&#237;as, plazos y diferenciales <strong>similares</strong> a los dem&#225;s: o los prestamistas infravaloran el riesgo, o el mercado de acciones sobrevalora los flujos.</p><p>A esto se suman tres rasgos que amplifican cualquier sacudida. La <strong>financiaci&#243;n circular</strong>: fabricantes de chips que toman participaciones en laboratorios que, a su vez, se comprometen a comprarles c&#243;mputo. El riesgo <strong>fuera de balance</strong>: contratos a largo plazo, mal divulgados, donde un mismo activo puede quedar pignorado varias veces. Y el <strong>efecto riqueza</strong>: con los hogares m&#225;s expuestos a bolsa que nunca y Estados Unidos pesando cerca del 64% del &#237;ndice mundial, una correcci&#243;n estadounidense no se queda en casa.</p><p>El BIS lo resume en una frase que merece quedarse: <em>"leverage does not disappear by being out of sight."</em> El apalancamiento no desaparece por estar fuera de la vista.</p><h2>La variable decisiva y la forma del riesgo</h2><p>Todo se reduce a una variable medible: si en los pr&#243;ximos <strong>12 a 24 meses</strong> la productividad agregada y los beneficios de la IA convergen hacia lo que el mercado ya descuenta, o decepcionan.</p><p>Lo importante es la <strong>forma</strong> del riesgo. Si la IA cumple, el ciclo contin&#250;a de manera ordenada. Si decepciona, el ajuste no es lineal: el desapalancamiento se retroalimenta. Por eso esto es un <strong>riesgo de cola</strong>, no el escenario central. El lado bueno es gradual; el lado malo, brusco. Esa asimetr&#237;a es el mensaje.</p><h2>El caso alcista (porque tambi&#233;n hay que defenderlo)</h2><p>Ser&#237;a deshonesto cerrar solo con el lado oscuro. A diferencia del dotcom, aqu&#237; hay ingresos reales y crecientes; las grandes tecnol&#243;gicas son rentables y financian todav&#237;a la mayor parte con caja. El coste del c&#243;mputo cae deprisa, lo que puede validar el capex con menos ingresos de los esperados. La productividad rezagada no es lo mismo que ausente: las tecnolog&#237;as de prop&#243;sito general muestran retraso &#8212;la curva en J&#8212; antes del salto agregado. Y el epicentro de fragilidad est&#225; acotado a la periferia, no en el n&#250;cleo rentable.</p><p>La revoluci&#243;n es real. La pregunta no es si la IA cambia el mundo. Es si esta cosecha concreta de capital recupera lo invertido antes de que el cr&#233;dito se tense.</p><h2>La lectura del panel, hoy</h2><p>Traducido a nuestro marco, y publicando solo el <strong>estado</strong>, no las series: el ciclo, fuera de la zona de alerta; la multitud, con miedo pese a los &#237;ndices en m&#225;ximos; la liquidez, dejando de aflojar; y la macro propia, girando al alza. El r&#233;gimen que describe esa combinaci&#243;n es lo que llamamos <strong>muelle comprimido</strong>: energ&#237;a acumulada bajo una tapa. No es el inicio de una crisis. Es un sistema en tensi&#243;n, sostenido por la liquidez.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png" width="1485" height="868" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:868,&quot;width&quot;:1485,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S61T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe76dd9b3-42ed-4fd4-8400-201e648c279f_1485x868.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El informe del BIS no cambia el r&#233;gimen. Lo contextualiza: nos dice <strong>d&#243;nde</strong> est&#225; la tensi&#243;n que vigilar.</p><h2>Se&#241;ales a vigilar</h2><ul><li><p>Diferenciales de cr&#233;dito de empresas de IA ampli&#225;ndose mientras la bolsa sube &#8212;la divergencia entre acciones y deuda&#8212;. <em>(Capas 1 y 3.)</em></p></li><li><p>Reembolsos en fondos de cr&#233;dito privado minorista &#8212;ya hay indicios tempranos&#8212;. <em>(Capa 1.)</em></p></li><li><p>Alg&#250;n <em>hyperscaler</em> recortando su gu&#237;a de capex. <em>(Capa 4.)</em></p></li><li><p>Tensiones de suministro &#8212;electricidad, chips, red&#8212; como amplificador de la sobreinversi&#243;n. <em>(Capas 3 y 4.)</em></p></li></ul><p>Ninguno predice la fecha. Todos mueven el r&#233;gimen. Nosotros los seguimos cada semana.</p><h3>Fuentes</h3><ul><li><p>BIS, <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2026e1.htm">Informe Econ&#243;mico Anual 2026, Cap. I "Progress and peril"</a> (28 jun 2026): capex &gt;1 bill&#243;n; productividad por tarea 20&#8211;50% y agregada &lt;1% (Gr&#225;fico 10.A); paralelos hist&#243;ricos (Gr&#225;fico 11.C); financiaci&#243;n circular y activo pignorado varias veces (Gr&#225;fico 13.C); ~15% de carteras de <em>direct lending</em> (nota 2); EE. UU. &#8776;64% del MSCI (Gr&#225;fico 12).</p></li><li><p>BIS, <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/bisbull120.pdf">Bulletin 120 "Financing the AI boom"</a> (7 ene 2026): inversi&#243;n IA &#8776;1% del PIB e IT amplia &#8776;5% (Gr&#225;fico 4.A); cr&#233;dito privado &gt;200.000 M y &#8776;8% (Gr&#225;fico 3.A); cita sobre el apalancamiento.</p></li><li><p>FGA Research, working paper (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20709770): backtest de 33 a&#241;os. Resultados sobre datos hist&#243;ricos: validan el proceso, no son una recomendaci&#243;n.</p></li></ul><p><em>Documento informativo de FGA Research. No constituye asesoramiento de inversi&#243;n ni recomendaci&#243;n personalizada. No es una recomendaci&#243;n sobre ning&#250;n instrumento financiero. Las referencias a publicaciones del BIS se ofrecen con fines educativos; las cifras proceden de las fuentes citadas. Resultados pasados &#8212;reales o simulados&#8212; no garantizan resultados futuros; invertir conlleva riesgo, incluida la p&#233;rdida total del capital. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p><strong>&#191;Lee esto desde un comit&#233; de inversi&#243;n?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distribuye, bajo demanda y con cualificaci&#243;n previa, su Informe institucional de Macro y Mercados: el mismo proceso de cuatro capas, con las series propietarias y la lista de vigilancia completas. Si dirige capital, gestiona riesgo o construye estrategia para un comit&#233;, escr&#237;banos indicando rol y mandato. Confirmamos elegibilidad y enviamos el informe completo en 24 h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html"><span>Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2026e1.htm&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leer el informe completo del BIS &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2026e1.htm"><span>Leer el informe completo del BIS &#8594;</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.substack.com&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete gratis &#183; sin tarjeta&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com"><span>Suscr&#237;bete gratis &#183; sin tarjeta</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The leading indicator confirms the turn — and the first crack in fear]]></title><description><![CDATA[Edition #2 &#183; the weekly four-layer read of the market cycle.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/the-leading-indicator-confirms-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/the-leading-indicator-confirms-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 12:17:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The regime is still a <strong>compressed spring</strong>, but this week two things moved inside the layers.</p><p>This is how we read the cycle every week: four layers, made clear. Get it free in your inbox.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>First, in the proprietary macro: our leading indicator crosses above its neutral level and confirms the early turn that last week was only hinted at.</p><p>Second, in sentiment: our composite still reads fear, but advisors and professional managers are turning long. The "everyone is afraid" that held the spring is starting to crack on the professional side.</p><p><strong>The four layers:</strong> the cycle holds (green); sentiment in fear, with that first crack; liquidity &#8212; the Fed, with no meeting this week, keeps its tighter bias; and the proprietary macro, with the leading indicator now above neutral.</p><p>The model keeps the regime at compressed spring, unchanged. The cycle isn't broken, the leading indicator confirms, the base still fears, and the Fed presses from above.</p><p>This describes a state of the cycle; it is not a recommendation. It helps locate the moment for decisions of portfolio and of business: <strong>when to invest, hire or finance</strong>.</p><p>Three paths, as model probabilities, not a forecast. Base: still compressed. A loosening of the regime &#8212; a conditional scenario &#8212; if fear leaves its lows behind. Or a first leg down, if the cycle turns.</p><p>Each Sunday we read which phase of the cycle the market is in &#8212; and flag the day it changes. Editorial content, not investment advice.</p><p><strong>The proof is open</strong>: <a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidence-the-proof-is-open">Evidence &#8212; the proof is open</a></p><p>Follow Francisco on LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216/">linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador</a></p><h3>&#128196; The full weekly report &#8212; page by page</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XwRy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c9e9c1a-c95e-4764-928b-f6fa8a2030f6_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rCkH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9985332-7ad0-4044-a66f-4232a655658f_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z9Qp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47cc7064-18cb-4da1-8b9b-8d9d552be5fc_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8HxB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58acdd07-6eee-4926-8747-7dba2376e8f6_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a6tL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35675450-69b8-4c60-9099-9428148cda5d_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ebcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c_G3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcd22d4-ff1e-497e-b67d-29fcd114645e_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/eb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Diqo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feb26f2aa-b9d3-4656-8d57-0360a74dc76f_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qnR-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F92a32ea8-a005-4075-9b93-30bb8690e860_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H03n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F31e3b82b-9581-4bd0-a52b-f5bb04306efe_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Reading this from an investment committee?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distributes its institutional Macro &amp; Markets report on demand and subject to prior qualification: the same four-layer process, with the full proprietary series and watchlist. If you allocate capital, manage risk or set strategy for a committee, write to us stating your role and mandate. We confirm eligibility and send the full report within 24h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Request the institutional report &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en"><span>Request the institutional report &#8594;</span></a></p><p><em>Information, not advice. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p>Not subscribed to FGA Macro yet? The weekly cycle read, in your inbox. Free.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Price at highs, the crowd afraid — what the cycle says]]></title><description><![CDATA[Edition #1 &#183; the weekly four-layer read of the market cycle.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/price-at-highs-the-crowd-afraid-what</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/price-at-highs-the-crowd-afraid-what</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 12:15:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Price near all-time highs, and the crowd afraid. The model places it in a <strong>compressed spring</strong>: the cycle holds, sentiment sits near its lows, the Fed is withdrawing relief, and our leading indicator turns up.</p><p>This is how we read the cycle every week: four layers, made clear. Get it free in your inbox.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Only macro: no tips, no price targets. A reading of the cycle to decide better &#8212; for your portfolio or your business.</p><p><strong>The four layers:</strong> &#8212; Cycle: out of alert. &#8212; Sentiment: fear. &#8212; Liquidity: the Fed stays tighter. &#8212; Proprietary macro: the leading indicator turns up.</p><p>We don't predict &#8212; we classify the regime, and flag the day it changes. Comprehension of the regime, before the consensus.</p><p>Editorial content, not investment advice. No targets, no buy/sell calls.</p><p><strong>Reading this from an investment committee?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distributes its institutional Macro &amp; Markets report on demand and subject to prior qualification: the same four-layer process, with the full proprietary series and watchlist. If you allocate capital, manage risk or set strategy for a committee, write to us stating your role and mandate. We confirm eligibility and send the full report within 24h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Request the institutional report &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en"><span>Request the institutional report &#8594;</span></a></p><p><em>Information, not advice. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p>Not subscribed to FGA Macro yet? The weekly cycle read, in your inbox. Free.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>The proof is open</strong> (working paper &#183; DOI &#183; forward test): <a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidence-the-proof-is-open">Evidence &#8212; the proof is open</a></p><p>Follow Francisco on LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216/">linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador</a></p><h3>&#128196; The full weekly report &#8212; page by page</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aibv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff4cefc3-8da2-48c9-b360-c10dd54b0f3c_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZIa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a441047-5299-4529-a95e-ea422a040a22_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zqtw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec8c58f3-44c5-400b-ab48-c044840ba34b_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kTSR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11f82389-1b17-4135-9fe2-6aa8334b8ea1_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!09JI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed8e5735-b253-494e-838c-5680b08cc64e_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gpC8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a1ae58f-a5a8-4a5b-941b-b889f69f3834_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oM0H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47fd4c56-4ef8-44a9-a494-227180b9fb3f_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33H3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fef74f5e2-d062-405c-8733-06d3374134f4_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png" width="1241" height="1754" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1754,&quot;width&quot;:1241,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kxJ5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a3203c-eb9b-4709-80a7-697901ca8a52_1241x1754.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[FGA Macro · Edition Zero — the market cycle in four layers]]></title><description><![CDATA[Our proprietary process for reading the market regime, explained.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/fga-macro-edition-zero-the-market</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/fga-macro-edition-zero-the-market</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 12:14:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SnMd!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a511a9-1600-48e3-9c73-7477b4baaf5e_800x800.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The market can go from calm to apocalypse in 48 hours. The economy does not change in 48 hours &#8212; fear does. Telling one from the other is almost everything.</p><p>This is how we read the cycle every week: four layers, made clear. Get it free in your inbox.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>That is why we publish FGA Macro. Not one more opinion: the proprietary series and audit methodology of FGA &#8212; the same process used to locate where we are in the cycle &#8212; explained clearly.</p><p>We cross four layers, and from their combination a single regime emerges:</p><p>&#8212; Warning Signal: is there structural damage? &#8212; Sentiment: how many are already in? &#8212; Monetary policy: is money blowing in your favour? &#8212; Proprietary macro: which phase of the cycle are we in?</p><p>This week's reading: a compressed spring. The cycle holds and the macro sees no recession; sentiment sits at an extreme. The market can keep rising, but with less margin.</p><p>In the 33-year study, the four big contractions were characterised in advance by the deterioration of these signals. Illustrative historical results.</p><p>We don't say what to buy or sell. We give the map: which phase of the cycle the market is in, before the consensus.</p><p>Editorial content, not investment advice.</p><p><strong>Reading this from an investment committee?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distributes its institutional Macro &amp; Markets report on demand and subject to prior qualification: the same four-layer process, with the full proprietary series and watchlist. If you allocate capital, manage risk or set strategy for a committee, write to us stating your role and mandate. We confirm eligibility and send the full report within 24h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Request the institutional report &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en"><span>Request the institutional report &#8594;</span></a></p><p><em>Information, not advice. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p>Not subscribed to FGA Macro yet? The weekly cycle read, in your inbox. Free.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><strong>The proof is open</strong> &#8212; working paper (DOI), independent indexing and a live forward test: <a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidence-the-proof-is-open">Evidence &#8212; the proof is open</a></p><p>Follow Francisco on LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216/">linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Evidence — the proof is open]]></title><description><![CDATA[The working paper with a DOI, independent indexing, and a live forward test.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/evidence-the-proof-is-open</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/evidence-the-proof-is-open</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 12:11:24 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SnMd!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a511a9-1600-48e3-9c73-7477b4baaf5e_800x800.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>We don't ask you to take our word for it. The method is published, time-stamped and independently indexed &#8212; and every future call is logged in public.</p><p>This is how we read the cycle every week: four layers, made clear. Get it free in your inbox.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20709770">Read the working paper (DOI)</a></p><p><a href="https://osf.io/mscr5">See the live forward test (OSF)</a></p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20723887">Download the dossier (PDF &#183; ES/EN)</a></p><p>Across historical data, the system classified the six major episodes of the last 25 years correctly: it anticipated the four bear markets (2000, 2008, 2020, 2022), gave no false exits on the two big corrections that weren't (1998 and Q4-2018), and flagged the turns back up. Hypothetical results on partly reconstructed data; they do not guarantee future results.</p><p>The record supports robustness; the forward test puts it to the test on the only ground that allows no hindsight: the future. The model's construction is proprietary and not disclosed. A descriptive reading of the cycle, for informational and educational purposes: not investment advice or a recommendation (MiFID II/MAR), not personalized, and not about specific instruments. Past results, real or simulated, do not guarantee future results.</p><p><strong>Read the weekly cycle in English &#8212; free.</strong></p><p>Follow Francisco on LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216/">linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador</a></p><p><strong>Reading this from an investment committee?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distributes its institutional Macro &amp; Markets report on demand and subject to prior qualification: the same four-layer process, with the full proprietary series and watchlist. If you allocate capital, manage risk or set strategy for a committee, write to us stating your role and mandate. We confirm eligibility and send the full report within 24h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Request the institutional report &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html?lang=en"><span>Request the institutional report &#8594;</span></a></p><p><em>Information, not advice. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p>Not subscribed to FGA Macro yet? The weekly cycle read, in your inbox. Free.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe free&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe free"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El adelantado confirma el giro — y aparece la primera grieta en el miedo]]></title><description><![CDATA[La lectura semanal del ciclo en cuatro capas &#183; 22&#8211;28 jun 2026. Se&#241;ales del ciclo, no recomendaciones.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/el-adelantado-confirma-el-giro-y</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/el-adelantado-confirma-el-giro-y</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 14:31:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dos cosas se movieron esta semana, y ninguna rompe el r&#233;gimen. Nuestro indicador adelantado cruz&#243; al alza su nivel neutral por primera vez en m&#225;s de un a&#241;o: el giro temprano que la semana pasada solo se intu&#237;a, ahora se confirma. Y, a la vez, apareci&#243; una grieta &#8212; mientras nuestro &#237;ndice de sentimiento sigue en zona de miedo, los asesores y gestores profesionales se est&#225;n poniendo largos. El muelle sigue comprimido, pero uno de sus resortes, el miedo de todos, empieza a ceder por arriba.</p><p>As&#237; leemos el ciclo cada semana: cuatro capas, en claro. Rec&#237;belo gratis en tu bandeja.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse gratis&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse gratis"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;1778d49c-131a-4958-a2a0-7d52059281bf&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer FGA Macro! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>R&#233;gimen vigente: Muelle Comprimido (sin cambio).</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png" width="1456" height="851" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:851,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:131418,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.substack.com/i/203966402?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z7dk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b5fd356-0334-4f60-afc6-55839ec332ad_1485x868.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1368b02d-a4b6-4c01-8799-96bc8d6a71bd_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/19c34b3c-25cf-4156-871e-4ca82205fc80_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a05017ba-e683-4daf-ae09-9863681e9c04_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b810190-8659-455e-af52-7e91cec333ae_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/16be242a-07bc-44f9-87c9-afbe3483d3a1_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dad5ac9e-d646-411a-a18f-d3955ec2e72b_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e4afb71c-18a9-435e-802a-7958f9940efd_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2b2b64d3-857a-4b26-9881-f077307c1918_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/168f3835-1672-433f-8cfc-e82bd1ca6be9_1158x1638.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5ac195da-5838-4454-991c-62db6e01c958_1456x1454.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a2c41cf0-ae81-42ec-ad14-2f2b8c2920e5_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a0acb2a1-4f6c-41e3-99d2-c55d165e9a57_1158x1638.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b3aa554d-45b6-4ee0-a1dc-61b7e3fa2991_1158x1638.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7cb7cc9a-af71-4169-b944-c2724c4ca7f4_1456x474.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p>Las cuatro capas</p><p></p><p>Capa 1 &#183; Ciclo &#8212; Verde. El Warning Signal sigue claramente fuera de la zona de alerta; cede muy despacio, sin da&#241;o estructural. Mientras siga en verde, esto es un muelle comprimido, no un ciclo roto.</p><p></p><p>Capa 2 &#183; Multitud &#8212; &#193;mbar, y aqu&#237; est&#225; la novedad. Nuestro &#237;ndice de sentimiento sigue en miedo con el precio cerca de m&#225;ximos. Pero por debajo aparece una divergencia: las encuestas de asesores y la exposici&#243;n de los gestores activos se han girado a posiciones largas, mientras los flujos minoristas siguen saliendo. El &#8220;todos tienen miedo&#8221; &#8212;uno de los apoyos del muelle&#8212; empieza a agrietarse por el lado profesional.</p><p></p><p>Capa 3 &#183; Liquidez &#8212; &#193;mbar. Sin reuni&#243;n de la Fed esta semana; sigue vigente el sesgo m&#225;s duro de mediados de junio. Es la tapa que mantiene el muelle comprimido.</p><p></p><p>Capa 4 &#183; Macro propia &#8212; Verde, al alza. El adelantado cruza el neutral y confirma; el coincidente a&#250;n va por detr&#225;s. Adelantado al alza con el coincidente todav&#237;a blando es la firma t&#237;pica de un giro temprano.</p><p></p><p>El veredicto</p><p></p><p>Muelle Comprimido, sin cambio de r&#233;gimen. El ciclo no est&#225; roto, el adelantado confirma, la base a&#250;n teme y la Reserva Federal presiona desde arriba. La novedad es de matiz: el giro macro suma al alza y, a la vez, se agrieta uno de los apoyos contrarios. Mientras la Capa 1 siga en verde, sigue siendo un reset con el muelle cargado.</p><p></p><p>Tres caminos (probabilidad del modelo, no una previsi&#243;n direccional): base, sigue comprimido; distensi&#243;n del r&#233;gimen, escenario condicional si el miedo deja atr&#225;s sus m&#237;nimos con el ciclo en verde; o primera pata, si el ciclo se tuerce.</p><p></p><p>Qu&#233; vigilamos esta semana: que el ciclo no pierda su zona de seguridad; si el optimismo profesional se generaliza (riesgo de techo) o vuelve a imponerse el miedo; si el coincidente acompa&#241;a al adelantado; y el tono de la Reserva Federal.</p><p></p><p>La prueba, en abierto. La metodolog&#237;a y el backtest de 33 a&#241;os est&#225;n publicados y son verificables: https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidencia-la-prueba-esta-en-abierto</p><p></p><p>No necesitas predecir el techo. Necesitas saber en qu&#233; fase del ciclo est&#225;s &#8212; y que te avisen el d&#237;a que cambia. Suscr&#237;bete gratis y rec&#237;belo cada domingo, antes de la apertura.</p><p></p><p>Sobre el autor. Francisco Salvador, fundador de FGA Research. El proceso de las 4 capas lleva a&#241;os al servicio del sector institucional; aqu&#237; lo abrimos al lector no institucional. Comento el ciclo cada semana en LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216</p><p></p><p>Aviso. Contenido informativo y educativo: difusi&#243;n de indicadores macro propietarios y an&#225;lisis de ciclo, no un servicio de inversi&#243;n regulado. No constituye asesoramiento ni recomendaci&#243;n &#8212;general o personalizada&#8212; ni se&#241;ales de compra/venta. Datos de mercado de fuentes p&#250;blicas; indicadores propietarios de FGA Research; resultados pasados no garantizan resultados futuros.</p><p><strong>&#191;Lee esto desde un comit&#233; de inversi&#243;n?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distribuye, bajo demanda y con cualificaci&#243;n previa, su Informe institucional de Macro y Mercados: el mismo proceso de cuatro capas, con las series propietarias y la lista de vigilancia completas. Si dirige capital, gestiona riesgo o construye estrategia para un comit&#233;, escr&#237;banos indicando rol y mandato. Confirmamos elegibilidad y enviamos el informe completo en 24 h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html"><span>Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;</span></a></p><p><em>Informaci&#243;n, no asesoramiento. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p>&#191;A&#250;n no recibes FGA Macro? La lectura semanal del ciclo, en tu bandeja. Gratis.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer FGA Macro! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Precio en máximos, multitud con miedo — qué dice el ciclo]]></title><description><![CDATA[La lectura semanal del ciclo en cuatro capas &#183; 15&#8211;21 jun 2026. Se&#241;ales del ciclo, no recomendaciones.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/precio-en-maximos-multitud-con-miedo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/precio-en-maximos-multitud-con-miedo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2026 13:57:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!upfW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70bfe100-fa07-4c0e-a640-e34b8d1e8558_1241x1754.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;7c9fc72a-dacd-40b7-8aa4-969c9e5c067e&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p>El S&amp;P 500 cerr&#243; la semana cerca de m&#225;ximos (~7.500, +25% en doce meses). A la vez, nuestro &#237;ndice de sentimiento est&#225; en m&#237;nimos del ciclo: el precio sube y la multitud tiene miedo. Eso es un muelle comprimido, no euforia &#8212; dice m&#225;s del posicionamiento que de la econom&#237;a.</p><p>As&#237; leemos el ciclo cada semana: cuatro capas, en claro. Rec&#237;belo gratis en tu bandeja.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse gratis&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse gratis"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>R&#233;gimen de la semana: Muelle Comprimido. El ciclo aguanta y los adelantados giran al alza; la Fed pone la tapa. Abajo, la lectura completa de las cuatro capas &#8212; &#250;til para decisiones de cartera y de empresa.</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/70bfe100-fa07-4c0e-a640-e34b8d1e8558_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/79ceafb1-a56b-4e9c-a6ac-80aed71e2873_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/96825dd3-2493-4466-925b-4e6b4889f7b1_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/66854866-637e-45f7-aacb-cfa134b65251_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/26fd1690-f5e2-4cf2-b895-4d9928197d30_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5500e697-6cac-4eab-a901-3bbb9b7f7de2_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c6c6261e-5455-4742-98d5-96fc11ef3ed4_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/04f5e087-131f-4bed-bab5-83167b0b78e5_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0e23443b-11e2-4e4e-ad4b-017be86ca193_1241x1754.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/704cf81d-60a5-49b4-bbc7-07cb9a1053cc_1456x1454.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee0eefb8-dfc5-47b0-9a5e-8e9877d79fe3_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df9bc5ec-625d-48d8-8d8e-eb5241e89694_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a971baf-52a7-4a12-9d75-ba6cd58fc70f_1241x1754.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/528256ee-42de-4006-bfa7-b3a2c21ec713_1456x474.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><p><strong>M&#225;s de FGA Macro</strong></p><p><span>C&#243;mo se construye esta lectura, capa a capa &#8212; Edici&#243;n Cero: </span><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/el-muelle-sigue-comprimido-que-dice">https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/el-muelle-sigue-comprimido-que-dice </a></p><p>La evidencia, en abierto (working paper con DOI + forward test): <a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidencia-la-prueba-esta-en-abierto">https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidencia-la-prueba-esta-en-abierto </a></p><p>El ciclo cada semana en LinkedIn &#8212; Francisco Salvador: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216">https://www.linkedin.com/in/francisco-salvador-4106b216 </a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><p></p><p><strong>&#191;Lee esto desde un comit&#233; de inversi&#243;n?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distribuye, bajo demanda y con cualificaci&#243;n previa, su Informe institucional de Macro y Mercados: el mismo proceso de cuatro capas, con las series propietarias y la lista de vigilancia completas. Si dirige capital, gestiona riesgo o construye estrategia para un comit&#233;, escr&#237;banos indicando rol y mandato. Confirmamos elegibilidad y enviamos el informe completo en 24 h.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html"><span>Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;</span></a></p><p><em>Informaci&#243;n, no asesoramiento. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p>&#191;A&#250;n no recibes FGA Macro? La lectura semanal del ciclo, en tu bandeja. Gratis.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse gratis&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse gratis"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El muelle sigue comprimido — qué dice el ciclo que viene después]]></title><description><![CDATA[Edici&#243;n Cero &#183; La lectura del ciclo en cuatro capas: qu&#233; hacemos, c&#243;mo y con qu&#233; evidencia. Se&#241;ales del ciclo, no recomendaciones.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/el-muelle-sigue-comprimido-que-dice</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/el-muelle-sigue-comprimido-que-dice</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 01:59:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><p><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/precio-en-maximos-multitud-con-miedo">Lee la lectura de esta semana: https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/precio-en-maximos-multitud-con-miedo</a></p><p></p><p>Suscr&#237;bete gratis: cada semana, en qu&#233; fase del ciclo est&#225; el mercado, le&#237;do en cuatro capas. Antes que el consenso.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><p></p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;88f9a634-2536-42ce-a7f1-0d0e8da10fe8&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p></p><p>La semana pasada el mercado se puso nervioso y los titulares se volvieron apocal&#237;pticos en cuesti&#243;n de horas. Esa velocidad dice m&#225;s sobre el posicionamiento que sobre la econom&#237;a.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png" width="1442" height="889" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:889,&quot;width&quot;:1442,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:96571,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.substack.com/i/202487733?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AtG9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7e962b-50fc-40f2-9472-c358ef35e303_1442x889.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p></p><p>FGA Macro no es una opini&#243;n m&#225;s. Son los indicadores y la metodolog&#237;a de an&#225;lisis y auditor&#237;a propietarios y &#250;nicos de FGA &#8212; el mismo proceso que lleva a&#241;os en uso al servicio del sector institucional para ayudar a tomar decisiones. Aqu&#237; lo mostramos de forma clara, sencilla e intuitiva, para que cualquiera pueda leer las se&#241;ales del ciclo.</p><p></p><p>No vendemos objetivos de precio ni carteras. Vendemos el mapa: en qu&#233; fase del ciclo est&#225; el mercado, antes que el consenso.</p><p>Cada domingo leemos en qu&#233; fase del ciclo est&#225; el mercado &#8212; y te avisamos el d&#237;a que cambia. Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir la pr&#243;xima edici&#243;n. Pru&#233;banos sin tarjeta, cancela cuando quieras.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><p>Lo que vas a leer en esta edici&#243;n:</p><p>En qu&#233; fase del ciclo est&#225; hoy el mercado, seg&#250;n las 4 capas: ciclo, sentimiento, liquidez y econom&#237;a real.</p><p>Por qu&#233; la &#250;ltima sacudida fue posicionamiento, no deterioro econ&#243;mico.</p><p>Qu&#233; se&#241;al vigilar para saber si el r&#233;gimen cambia &#8212; y cu&#225;ndo.</p><p>Esta es la Edici&#243;n Cero: el documento que explica el proceso, la evidencia y la lectura real de esta semana como ejemplo. Es exactamente lo que recibe quien se suscribe.</p><p></p><p>La edici&#243;n completa, en su dise&#241;o original, est&#225; aqu&#237; abajo, p&#225;gina a p&#225;gina (15 p&#225;ginas).</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9cf3be2-b60e-4fc8-a78c-bb7e1e0806e9_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b3863035-8e58-4e03-952f-84dbe661599c_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0c531186-7923-46c3-891a-f934f766cb5f_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fa6a2315-5dd2-494b-8742-242293fdde7c_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e5726c52-ca4f-4865-ad4c-fae6531c2c89_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f19aaf0d-594d-45d8-b4d5-eef3087c8ead_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5a5e17d0-bc96-47b2-a8a6-8abdd937ada0_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3c8d5f77-5290-40c7-8e87-1812c22677ab_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e84ae9de-fa21-46cd-a6fa-5783c4dcfd1e_1241x1754.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5c9cd9f4-2ffe-4411-81d8-bd1b64a9ba29_1456x1454.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e150885e-33ab-456c-b567-0814552bfe6d_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bdc871f1-6d7e-443f-9b0d-edffd6fe484b_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d8739fcc-6a24-4b41-8a23-fe4a32fb7360_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/acba2b10-9eaf-4b7b-8df8-ed494f9d76f0_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9c68a0d4-4c9e-4225-97e4-1f6f58893534_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29547347-8995-4430-90ac-41c1a2834c37_1241x1754.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7418b6c9-23a0-45ee-a97b-bcf9a0fe32a5_1456x964.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading FGA Macro! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>No necesitas predecir el techo. Necesitas saber en qu&#233; fase est&#225;s &#8212; y que te avisen el d&#237;a que cambia. Suscr&#237;bete gratis y rec&#237;belo cada domingo. Pru&#233;banos sin tarjeta, cancela cuando quieras.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidencia-la-prueba-esta-en-abierto&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;La prueba, en abierto &#8594; Evidencia&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/evidencia-la-prueba-esta-en-abierto"><span>La prueba, en abierto &#8594; Evidencia</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El ciclo de mercado, por fin en un mapa]]></title><description><![CDATA[Empieza FGA Macro. Cada semana, en qu&#233; fase estamos &#8212; y por qu&#233; importa para tu dinero.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/el-ciclo-de-mercado-por-fin-en-un</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/el-ciclo-de-mercado-por-fin-en-un</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[FRANCISCO SALVADOR]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 21:55:10 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SnMd!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a511a9-1600-48e3-9c73-7477b4baaf5e_800x800.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Casi nadie pierde en los mercados tranquilos. Se pierde en los giros: cuando el mercado hace techo y la euforia invita a quedarse, y cuando toca suelo y el miedo invita a vender. Justo cuando m&#225;s importa, las dos herramientas de siempre &#8212;el titular del d&#237;a y el propio est&#243;mago&#8212; fallan.</p><p>FGA Macro nace para responder, cada semana, a una sola pregunta: &#191;en qu&#233; fase del ciclo de mercado estamos?</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer FGA Macro! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Un mapa, no una se&#241;al de tr&#225;fico. Combinamos cuatro lecturas independientes &#8212;ciclo, sentimiento, pol&#237;tica monetaria y macroeconom&#237;a&#8212; en un mapa de seis reg&#237;menes. No decimos qu&#233; comprar: describimos el r&#233;gimen y te damos el mapa para decidir con criterio en vez de ruido.</p><p>Por qu&#233; puedes fiarte. No vendemos aciertos. La solidez del proceso est&#225; publicada en abierto como working paper acad&#233;mico, con DOI e indexado en SSRN y RePEc, y cada llamada futura queda registrada en un forward test p&#250;blico. Sobre datos hist&#243;ricos, el sistema clasific&#243; correctamente los seis grandes episodios de los &#250;ltimos 25 a&#241;os.</p><p>Qu&#233; vas a recibir. Gratis, cada semana: el r&#233;gimen de la semana y d&#243;nde estamos en el mapa de seis fases. Suscriptor: las cuatro capas con su porqu&#233;, el term&#243;metro de riesgo, los escenarios a 4&#8211;8 semanas y qu&#233; vigilar.</p><p>La promesa. No vendo aciertos: doy un mapa y dejo que el futuro me juzgue. Si eso te encaja, suscr&#237;bete gratis y recibe la primera lectura del r&#233;gimen esta misma semana.</p><p>&#8212; Francisco Salvador, FGA Research</p><p>FGA Macro &#183; FGA Research. Lectura descriptiva del ciclo de mercado con fines informativos y educativos. No es asesoramiento ni recomendaci&#243;n de inversi&#243;n, no es personalizada y no se refiere a instrumentos concretos. Las referencias a desempe&#241;o hist&#243;rico son resultados hipot&#233;ticos sobre datos pasados y no garantizan resultados futuros. La construcci&#243;n del modelo es propietaria y no se divulga.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#161;Gracias por leer FGA Macro! Suscr&#237;bete gratis para recibir nuevos posts y apoyar mi trabajo.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Evidencia — la prueba está en abierto]]></title><description><![CDATA[El working paper con DOI, la indexaci&#243;n independiente y el forward test en directo.]]></description><link>https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/evidencia-la-prueba-esta-en-abierto</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://macro.fgaresearch.com/p/evidencia-la-prueba-esta-en-abierto</guid><pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 21:53:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png" width="1456" height="878" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:878,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:123487,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.substack.com/i/202347013?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8iIx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a9b627b-3e16-4699-8a4c-bb5a3639dc2c_1512x912.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>&#191;Lee esto desde un comit&#233; de inversi&#243;n?</strong></p><p>FGA Research distribuye, bajo demanda y con cualificaci&#243;n previa, su Informe institucional de Macro y Mercados: el mismo proceso de cuatro capas, con las series propietarias y la lista de vigilancia completas. Si dirige capital, gestiona riesgo o construye estrategia para un comit&#233;, escr&#237;banos indicando rol y mandato. Confirmamos elegibilidad y enviamos el informe completo en 24 h.</p><p>As&#237; leemos el ciclo cada semana: cuatro capas, en claro. Rec&#237;belo gratis en tu bandeja.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse gratis&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse gratis"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://fgaresearch.com/informe-institucional.html"><span>Solicitar el informe institucional &#8594;</span></a></p><p><em>Informaci&#243;n, no asesoramiento. Independence. Capital. Conviction.</em></p><p>&#191;A&#250;n no recibes FGA Macro? La lectura semanal del ciclo, en tu bandeja. Gratis.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscribirse gratis&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;es&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Escribe tu correo electr&#243;nico..." tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Suscribirse gratis"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20709770&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leer el working paper (DOI) &#8594;&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20709770"><span>Leer el working paper (DOI) &#8594;</span></a></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Suscr&#237;bete ahora&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://macro.fgaresearch.com/subscribe?"><span>Suscr&#237;bete ahora</span></a></p><p>No pedimos que nos creas. La solidez del m&#233;todo est&#225; publicada, fechada e indexada de forma independiente, y cada llamada futura queda registrada en p&#250;blico.</p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20723887">Descargar el dossier (PDF &#183; ES/EN)</a></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ceba8f4a-8e2a-43f2-bf50-454c91bcfd3f_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b89c9fe0-049f-49d2-bd05-8729db7f397e_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27774cb8-848c-4eb2-91a5-f97956807871_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1f175ad1-3c3d-4c50-96c1-034e2a9ed571_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/70a3cd85-400b-4c26-900e-a396ab9ad967_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/afc96bb7-2f6e-43d7-8dad-9f0110243a38_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fddfb3a4-744f-487b-b482-de7c4728a5a1_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2d69b79c-77aa-46a1-9a88-887eab48ff78_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b3b2047d-7384-418d-a810-3ad4768ee27a_1241x1754.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9bb881e4-e98b-4398-8fe9-ecae355683f2_1456x1454.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8e380990-81f6-4cb7-a349-7ce27ba66749_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1bb10d15-80f8-49ae-803e-15a6359d5ea1_1241x1754.png&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2188f456-c532-4481-aad8-09bf3d3671cc_1241x1754.png&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e357eadb-924e-454c-92bf-396ba104a6fd_1456x474.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20709770&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leer el working paper (DOI)&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20709770"><span>Leer el working paper (DOI)</span></a></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://osf.io/mscr5&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Ver el forward test en directo (OSF)&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://osf.io/mscr5"><span>Ver el forward test en directo (OSF)</span></a></p><p></p><p>Sobre datos hist&#243;ricos, el sistema clasific&#243; correctamente los seis grandes episodios de los &#250;ltimos 25 a&#241;os: anticip&#243; los cuatro mercados bajistas (2000, 2008, 2020, 2022), no dio salidas en falso en las dos grandes correcciones que no lo fueron (1998 y Q4-2018) y se&#241;al&#243; las vueltas al mercado. Resultados hipot&#233;ticos sobre datos en parte reconstruidos; no garantizan resultados futuros.</p><p>El historial respalda la solidez; el forward test la pone a prueba sobre el &#250;nico terreno que no admite retrospecci&#243;n: el futuro. La construcci&#243;n del modelo es propietaria y no se divulga. Lectura descriptiva del ciclo, con fines informativos y educativos: no es asesoramiento ni recomendaci&#243;n de inversi&#243;n (MiFID II/MAR), no es personalizada y no se refiere a instrumentos concretos. Resultados pasados, reales o simulados, no garantizan resultados futuros.</p><p><a href="https://fgaresearch.substack.com/p/el-muelle-sigue-comprimido-que-dice">Ver la lectura del ciclo de esta semana &#8594;</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>